RT Journal Article SR 00 ID 10.1080/17487870.2025.2463660 A1 Crampes, Claude A1 Estache, Antonio T1 Efficiency vs. distributional concerns in regulatory sandboxes JF Journal of Economic Policy Reform YR 2025 FD 2025-02 SP 1 OP 26 K1 Regulatory sandboxes K1 innovation K1 governance K1 anti-trust K1 regulation K1 efficiency K1 equity K1 quality standards. AB The paper makes the case for a systematic ex-ante assessment of the distributional impact of efficiency enhancing innovations regulatory sandboxes are expected to test. It shows how their prior formal modeling can inform on the possible need to control in the sandbox design for otherwise underestimated but predictable distributional effects. Failing to do so is likely to lead to underestimate efficiency-equity trade-offs and other distributional issues. This may influence the political sustainability of otherwise potentially welfare enhancing innovations. Simple industrial organization models will often suffice to identify the potential issues at the design stage PB Routledge SN 1748-7870 LK https://publications.ut-capitole.fr/id/eprint/50544/ UL http://tse-fr.eu/pub/130349